Green Solution Research Articles

A sustainable electrochemical strategy utilizing pulsed alternating current and dual carbon felt electrodes for enhanced degradation of organic pollutants: Oxidation performance and mechanisms

In this work, a novel electrochemical (EC) oxidation system utilizing pulsed alternating current (PAC) and dual carbon felt (CF) electrodes has been established for sustainable degradation of sulfamethoxazole (SMX) with no addition of extra oxidant. The EC/PAC system showed high degradation efficiency and energy efficiency compared to the pulsed direct current (PDC) and direct current (DC) systems. The EC/PAC process was effective across a wide pH range of 3–11 for SMX removal. The results showed that the 1O2 confined to the CF electrode surface was the dominant oxidative specie that was generated from dissolved oxygen in the system. Under PAC conditions, the cathode and anode were rapidly switched on the same CF electrode, increasing the generation of 1O2 for enhanced SMX oxidation. Furthermore, the EC/PAC system demonstrated resistance to interference from various anions of different concentration levels found in natural environment. In contrast to the EC/PDC system, the EC/PAC system emerged as a promising option for more efficient H2O2 production. High-resolution mass spectrometry results revealed the SMX degradation pathways and byproducts, which were then evaluated for toxicity removal. Overall, the EC/PAC system offers a green and sustainable solution to future wastewater treatment, with high degradation rates, energy efficiency, and sustainability.

Innovative green intense tetra-eutectic solvent (ITES) for recovery via occlusion co-precipitation at room temperature

Lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4) is the widely used cathode material for safe and high-power lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) for electric vehicles (EVs). Therefore, numerous challenges to re-manufacturing, re-use, and recovery from spent LiFePO4/C are tolerated if evaluated early in the innovation process. Herein, innovative green intense tetra-eutectic solvent (ITES) has been used to recover a new Li-metal co-intercalation compound from spent LiFePO4/C cathode material, which is simple and cost-effective. The ITES leaching concerning organic solution with active hydrogen donor-acceptor salts creates a coordination environment through occlusion co-precipitate new co-intercalation compound at room temperature. Innovative green ITES-10 solution has successfully recovered a new Li-metal co-intercalation regarding the active hydrogen donor-acceptor bonding coordination environment of ITES adequate leaching solution and proposed recovery mechanism. The ICP-MS value of recovery metal (7Li) efficiency (%) of ITES-10 leaching for spent LiFePO₄/C cathode materials reaches approximately 0.452% at room temperature for recovery of new co-intercalation compound, besides the fresh LiFePO₄/C cathode materials (as reference), approximately 0.805%, respectively. Therefore, innovative ITES is considered to recover spent Li-based cathode materials in our future works concerning high leaching recovery rates below 100 °C in experimental conditions.

Femtosecond Laser-induced Nanoparticle Implantation into Flexible Substrate for Sensitive and Reusable Microfluidics SERS Detection

Abstract Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) microfluidic system, which enables rapid detection of chemical and biological analytes, offers an effective platform to monitor various food contaminants and disease diagnoses. The efficacy of SERS microfluidic systems is greatly dependent on the sensitivity and reusability of SERS detection substrates to ensure repeated use for prolonged periods. This study proposed a novel process of femtosecond laser nanoparticle array (NPA) implantation to achieve homogeneous forward transfer of gold NPA on a flexible polymer film and accurately integrated it within microfluidic chips for SERS detection. The implanted Au-NPA strips show a remarkable electromagnetic field enhancement with the factor of 9×108 during SERS detection of malachite green (MG) solution, achieving a detection limit lower than 10 ppt, far better than most laser-prepared SERS substrates. Furthermore, Au-NPA strips show excellent reusability after several physical and chemical cleaning, because of the robust embedment of laser-implanted NPA in flexible substrates. To demonstrate the performance of Au-NPA, a SERS microfluidic system is built to monitor the online oxidation reaction between MG/NaClO reactants, which helps infer the reaction path. The proposed method of nanoparticle implantation is more effective than the direct laser structuring technique. It provides better performance for SERS detection, robustness of detection, and substrate flexibility and has a wider range of applications for microfluidic systems without any negative impact.

Biochar as a green solution to drive the soil carbon pump

Biochar is a nature-based green solution to lift soil carbon storage and mitigate carbon release. Here, we propose a novel concept of biochar carbon pump (BCP) that bridges microbial carbon pump (MCP) and mineral carbon pump (MnCP), facilitating effective carbon sequestration. The BCP functions to promote carbon storage by introducing biochar-derived persistent C into soil, enhancing negative priming effects, altering soil microbial communities, and reinforcing organo-organic and organo-mineral interactions. Recognizing the value of BCP in bridging MCP and MnCP to facilitate diverse natural reactions for soil carbon sequestration is particularly significant in addressing climate change.

Optimization of leucomalachite green degradation through electron beam and persulfate oxidation using box-behnken design and life cycle assessment

This study explored the treatment of Leucomalachite Green (LMG) solutions using an electron beam and sodium persulfate (Na2S2O8), employing Box-Behnken design (BBD) to optimize operational variables such as absorbed dose, initial pH and Na2S2O8 concentration. The findings highlighted an optimal absorbed dose of 4.5 kGy, a Na2S2O8 concentration of 1.0 mM, and an initial pH of 6, leading to a remarkable 97.77% removal of LMG. The adjusted R2 for the model indicated a close match of 1.4% between predicted and actual outcomes under these optimized conditions, affirming the quadratic model's suitability for predicting the LMG removal process using combined EB and Na2S2O8. To assess the environmental impact of the LMG treatment, the study applied SimaPro 9.4 with the TRACI tool, examining ten distinct environmental impact categories. The results unveiled that deionized water and Na2S2O8 exhibited a notable impact on global warming (GW) and ecotoxicity (ET) in controlled laboratory settings. Furthermore, a comparative analysis of four scenarios shed light on the environmental implications of different energy sources. Notably, electricity generated from waste incineration demonstrated a substantial influence on all environmental indicators. In contrast, natural gas emerged as the cleanest source for electricity generation, offering a promising avenue for reducing environmental impacts. This study presents a practical method for addressing dye contaminants through the employment of EB in conjunction with Na2S2O8, with potential implications for broader applications.

Artificial intelligence-based prediction models of bio-treated sand strength for sustainable and green infrastructure applications

As a sustainable, environmentally friendly, and green solution, biomineralization/bio-treatment process has recently emerged for enhancing the strength characteristics of loose sands by inducing cementation material commonly referred to as microbially induced calcite/cementation precipitation (MICP). To date, existing research on the unconfined compression strength of MICP-treated sands (UCSmicp) relies heavily on experimental data, with predictions primarily based on linear or curvilinear models that consider calcite (CaCO3) as the main influencing factor. However, there is limited exploration into the application of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) methods for UCSmicp prediction involving multiple influencing factors and their validation on unseen laboratory data. Therefore, this study intends to propose new prediction models of UCSmicp using four advanced ML techniques: Gaussian Process Regression (GPR), Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS), Artificial Neural Network (ANN), and Gene Expression Programming (GEP). The models incorporate various factors affecting UCSmicp, including sand uniformity coefficient (Cu), initial void ratio (e), mean grain size (D50), optical density at 600 mm wavelength (OD600), urea concentration (U), calcium concentration (Ca), and calcite content (C). Performance evaluation of models involved statistical assessments, error analysis, cross validation on laboratory data, and sensitivity and monotonicity studies. Results indicate that the proposed models exhibit exceptional precision across training, testing, and validation data in predicting UCSmicp, with ANN demonstrating the highest accuracy, followed by GPR, ANFIS, and GEP. Sensitivity analysis identifies CaCO3 as the main influencing factor on UCSmicp, while monotonicity analysis confirms alignment with physical processes. This work advocates for MICP as an eco-friendly solution and highlights the efficacy of advanced ML techniques in fostering sustainable infrastructure.

Effect of volume ratios on the novel Solanum lycopersicum leaf extract-mediated production of ZnO and Co3O4 nanoparticles for potential antifungal applications

ABSTRACT Antimicrobial infectious disease has become a major problem in the world. It has been found as its continual distribution is at extremely frightening rate. The most curable technique is the design and synthesis of effective nano-based drugs as green alternative. In this study, ZnO and Co3O4 nanoparticles (NPs) were produced from their precursor salts in the volume ratios of 1:3, 1:1, and 3:1 with Solanum lycopersicum leaf as a capping and reducing agent. Characterizations were performed using TGA/DTA, XRD, SEM, TEM, HRTEM, SAED, UV-Vis, and FTIR techniques. After 450°C and 500°C, ZnO and Co3O4 NPs were found to be thermally stable, respectively. For the ZnO and Co3O4 NPs in 1:3, 1:1, and 3:1 volume ratios, respectively, their average crystalline sizes were 51, 20, 29 and 26, 21 and 28 nm. The degree of crystallinity is confirmed by SEM in conjunction with TEM-HRTEM, and SAED. Among the numerous volume ratios, Co3O4 (1:3) and Co3O4 (1:1) showed 100% promised activity against Alternaria solani pathogen. Antimicrobial infectious disease has become a major serious problem in the modern world. It has been found as its continual distribution is at an extremely frightening rate. The most curable technique for this worldwide issue is the design and synthesis of effective nano-based drugs as green alternative solutions. In this study, ZnO and Co3O4 nanoparticles (NPs) were produced from their respective precursor salts in the volume ratios of 1:3, 1:1, and 3:1 with Solanum lycopersicum leaf as a capping and reducing agent. Characterizations were performed using TGA/DTA, XRD, SEM, TEM, HRTEM, SAED, UV-Vis, and FTIR techniques. After 450°C and 500°C, greenly synthesized ZnO and Co3O4 NPs were found to be thermally stable, respectively. For the ZnO and Co3O4 synthesized in 1:3, 1:1, and 3:1 volume ratios, respectively, their average crystalline sizes were 51, 20, 29 and 26, 21 and 28 nm. The degree of crystallinity is confirmed by SEM examination in conjunction with TEM-HRTEM, and SAED. Among the numerous volume ratios, Co3O4 (1:3) and Co3O4 (1:1) showed 100% promised activity against Alternaria solani pathogen.

Environmentally Friendly SLIPS Coating Based on Flexible Sponge: A Novel Approach to Antifouling for Ships.

To mitigate the attachment of fouling organisms, Slippery Liquid-Infused Porous Surfaces (SLIPS) hold tremendous potential as a green and broad-spectrum antifouling solution, capable of replacing traditional antifouling coatings. However, the complexity of current preparation methods and the limited lifespan of lubricating oils constrain their widespread application in marine antifouling for vessels. In this study, melamine sponge (MS) was used as a substrate, and modifications were made by introducing superhydrophobic silica nanoparticles (SiO2 NPs), a biocompatible adhesive (ethyl cyanoacrylate, ECA), and a highly stretchable polymer (poly-ε-caprolactone, PCL). By combining natural surface microstructures with additional nanomaterials, we successfully obtained a superoleophilic surface, effectively capturing liquid lubricants and maintaining their long-term stability. The sponge substrate possesses distinctive contractility, with the lubricant stored in the grid spontaneously compensating for the loss of surface lubricant, thereby effectively enhancing its durability. This study provides a straightforward fabrication method with reduced manufacturing costs for environmentally friendly marine anti-fouling coatings. The approach demonstrates a prolonged cyclic anti-fouling effect, effectively advancing the development of SLIPS for anti-fouling applications in shallow marine environments.

Enhancing bioelectricity generation and mitigating methane emissions in paddy fields: A novel approach using activated biochar in plant microbial fuel cells

In the innovative realm of green energy solutions, plant microbial fuel cells (PMFCs) have emerged as a promising frontier, embodying a greener technological approach. However, PMFC is not yet viable for large-scale application due to its low voltage generation. This study explores the integration of PMFC technology in paddy field, using activated biochar as electrode material to enhance voltage production while reducing methane emission. According to the findings, rice PMFCs equipped with activated biochar achieved the highest power density, reaching an impressive 106.67 mW m−2 of anode area, significantly outperforming SMFCs, which peaked at 38.28 mW m−2 when integrated with a biochar anode. Additionally, rice-PMFCs emitted 38 % less methane than the normal rice plant, while the reduction was 27.1 % for rice plants equipped with activated biochar, with no significant change in plant yield observed. Furthermore, PMFCs reduced greenhouse gas emissions by 70 % and 67 % compared to traditional coal and natural gas-based power plants, respectively. In summary, activated biochar shows promise as a potent alternative to traditional graphite electrodes in PMFCs.

A Sustainable Green Solution to domestic sewage pollution: Optimizing Floating Wetland treatment with different Plant combinations and growth media.

A Sustainable Green Solution to domestic sewage pollution: Optimizing Floating Wetland treatment with different Plant combinations and growth media.

Profuse color-evolution based aptasensor for mucin 1 detection utilizing urease-mediated color mixing of the mixed pH indicator

Mucin 1 is a significant tumor marker, and developing portable and cost-effective methods for its detection is crucial, especially in resource-limited areas. Herein, we developed an innovative approach for mucin 1 detection using a visible multicolor aptasensor. Urease-encapsulated DNA microspheres were used to mediate multicolor change facilitated by the color mixing of the mixed pH indicator, a mixed methyl red and bromocresol green solution. Distinct color changes were exhibited in response to varying mucin 1 concentrations. Notably, the color mixing of the mixed pH indicator was used to display various hues of colors, broadening the range of color variation. And color tonality is much easier to differentiate than color intensity, improving the resolution with naked-eyes. Besides, the variation of color from red to green (a pair of complementary colors) enhanced the color contrast, heightening sensitivity for visual detection. Importantly, the proposed method was successfully applied to detect mucin 1 in real samples, demonstrating a clear differentiation of colors between the samples of healthy individuals and breast cancer patients. The use of a mixed pH indicator as a multichromatic substrate offers the merits of low cost, fast response to pH variation, and plentiful color-evolution. And the incorporation of calcium carbonate microspheres to encapsulate urease ensures stable urease activity and avoids the need for extra urease decoration. The color-mixing dependent strategy opens a new way for multicolor detection of MUC1, characterized by vivid color changes.

The potential of carbon markets to accelerate green infrastructure based water quality trading

Green infrastructure solutions can improve in-stream water quality in lieu of building electricity-consuming gray infrastructure. Permitted under the United States Clean Water Act, these programs allow regulated utilities to trade point-source water quality obligations with non-point source mitigation efforts in the watershed. Carbon financing can provide an incentive for water quality trading. Here we combine data on impaired waters, treatment technologies, and life cycle greenhouse gas emissions in the Contiguous United States, and compare traditional treatment technologies to alternative green infrastructure. We find green infrastructure could save $15.6 billion dollars, 21.2 terawatt-hours of electricity, and 29.8 million tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent emissions per year while sequestering over 4.2 million tonnes CO2e per year over a 40 year time horizon. Green infrastructure solutions may have the potential to generate $679 million annually in carbon credit revenue (at $20 per credit), which represents a unique opportunity to help accelerate water quality trading.

Novel collector design and optimized photo-fenton model for sustainable industry textile wastewater treatment

Textile industry wastewater containing toxic dyes and high COD poses environmental hazards and requires treatment before discharge. This study addresses the challenge of treating complex textile wastewater using a novel integrated system. The system combines sedimentation, screening, adsorption, and an optimized solar photo-Fenton process to provide a sustainable treatment solution. A novel parabolic collector with a larger absorber tube diameter enhances solar radiation utilization at lower catalyst concentrations. This design is versatile, treating all types of wastewaters, especially those that contain colors, smells, solid and suspended materials, in addition to its importance for the treatment of difficult substances that may be present in industrial and sewage wastewaters that are difficult to dispose of by traditional treatment methods. Multivariate experiments optimized key photo-Fenton parameters (pH, catalyst dose, etc.) achieving significant pollutant removal (85% COD, 82% TOC, complete color) under specific conditions (pH 3, 0.2 g/L Fe(II), 1 mL/L H2O2, 40 °C and 100 L/h flow rate after 60 min irradiation). Kinetic modeling revealed second-order reaction kinetics, and multivariate regression analysis led to the development of models predicting treatment efficiency based on process factors. The key scientific contributions are the integrated system design combining conventional and advanced oxidation technologies, novel collector configuration for efficient utilization of solar radiation, comprehensive process optimization through multivariate experiments, kinetic modeling and predictive modeling relating process factors to pollutant degradation. This provides an economical green solution for textile wastewater treatment and reuse along with useful design guidelines. The treatment methodology and modeling approach make valuable additions for sustainable management of textile industry wastewater.

Selection of Secondary Hub Airport Location Based on Connectivity and Green Airport Solutions

Selection of Secondary Hub Airport Location Based on Connectivity and Green Airport Solutions

Enzymatic Mesoporous Metal Nanocavities for Concurrent Electrocatalysis of Nitrate to Ammonia Coupled with Polyethylene Terephthalate Upcycling.

Electrochemical upcycling of waster pollutants into high value-added fuels and/or chemicals is recognized as a green and sustainable solution that can address the resource utilization on earth. Despites great efforts, their progress has seriously been hindered by the lack of high-performance electrocatalysts. In this work, bimetallic PdCu mesoporous nanocavities (MCs) are reported as a new bifunctional enzymatic electrocatalyst that realizes concurrent electrocatalytic upcycling of nitrate wastewater and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) plastic water. Abundant metal mesopores and open nanocavities of PdCu MCs provide the enzymatic confinement of key intermediates for the deeper electroreduction of nitrate and accelerate the transport of reactants/products within/out of electrocatalyst, thus affording high ammonia Faradic efficiency (FENH3) of 96.6% and yield rate of 5.6mg h-1 mg-1 at the cathode. Meanwhile, PdCu MC nanozymes trigger the selective electrooxidation of PET-derived ethylene glycol (EG) into glycolic acid (GA) and formic acid with high FEs of > 90% by a facile regulation of potentials at the anode. Moreover, concurrent electrosynthesis of value-added NH3 and GA is disclosed in the two-electrode coupling system, further confirming the high efficiency of bifunctional PdCu MC nanozymes in producing value-added fuels and chemicals from waster pollutants in a sustainable manner. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Aerodynamic Analysis of Variable Camber-Morphing Airfoils with Substantial Camber Deflections

In recent years, morphing wings have become not only a concept, but an aerodynamic solution for the aviation industry to take a step forward toward future technologies. However, continuously morphing airfoils became an interesting answer to provide green energy solutions. In this paper, the authors conducted experimental research on a continuously camber-morphing airfoil using the Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) methods. The main objective of this work was to research a variety of morphing airfoils with different camber deflections. An average velocity distribution and turbulence distribution were compared and are discussed. The two-dimensional PIV results were compared to the CFD simulations to validate the numerical method’s accuracy and obtain the aerodynamic coefficient’s trends. A further comparison revealed that morphing airfoils have better aerodynamic performance than conventional airfoils for very low camber deflections and create substantial amounts of drag for significant camber deflections.

Electrocatalytic Reforming of Polylactic Acid Plastic Hydrolysate over Dynamically Formed γ-NiOOH.

Upcycling plastic waste into valuable commodity chemicals with clean energy is an appealing strategy for mitigating environmental issues. Polylactic acid (PLA), a biodegradable plastic that is produced annually in millions of tons, can be chemically recycled to valuable products instead of being degraded to carbon dioxide. Here, we demonstrate an electrochemical reforming of PLA hydrolysate to acetate and acetonate using nickel phosphide nanosheets on nickel foam (Ni2P/NF) as the catalyst. The Ni2P/NF catalyst was synthesized by electrochemical deposition and phosphide treatment and showed excellent catalytic activity and ∼100% Faraday efficiency for electroreforming PLA to acetate and acetonate in an H-cell. Moreover, a stable performance of more than 90% Faraday efficiency for value-added organics was achieved for a duration of 100 h in a flow cell at a current density of 100 mA cm-2 and a potential below 1.5 V vs. RHE. In situ characterization revealed that the catalyst underwent electrochemical reforming during the reaction to produce γ-phase NiOOH with high electrochemical activity. This work introduces a new and green solution for the treatment of waste PLA, presenting a low-cost and highly efficient strategy for electrically reforming plastics.

Highly efficient SnS2‐based photocatalyst: A green approach to biodiesel production

AbstractBiodiesel, a promising alternative to traditional petroleum fuels, is a green energy solution. Photocatalysis is a facile, novel, economic, and efficient approach to biodiesel synthesis. Metal sulfides have been used extensively for various photocatalytic applications. The present study demonstrates, for the first time, the photocatalytic production of biodiesel using a novel metal sulfide‐based heterogeneous photocatalyst under visible light irradiation.A nano zero‐valent silver doped hydroxyapatite (Ag/HAp) was synthesized using a green bio‐reductant technique and decorated with tin sulfide nanoparticles (SnS2/Ag/HAp or SAH) for photocatalytic biodiesel synthesis. The hydroxyapatite (HAp) was extracted from waste fish scales to minimize the use of chemicals and to utilize waste for useful applications. The prepared SAH photocatalyst was characterized through X‐ray diffraction, UV‐visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, photoluminescence spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared analysis, energy dispersive X‐ray analysis, scanning electron microscopy, high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis. The effect of reaction parameters was optimized, and under optimum conditions of 1 wt% photocatalyst loading, and 8:1 methanol‐to‐oleic‐acid ratio, for 60 min, a high yield of 98.0 ± 0.61% could be achieved using a SAH photocatalyst.Scavenger tests indicated the simultaneous generation of photoinduced electrons and holes necessary for photocatalytic biodiesel synthesis. A mechanism for the photocatalytic esterification reaction of oleic acid is proposed. The synthesized SnS2‐based photocatalyst could be easily recoverable and reusable for five consecutive runs, which can replace traditional industrial heterogeneous catalysts in the near future.

Water–energy network provisioning services in Harare, Zimbabwe

Abstract Water–energy systems are interlinked. Energy is used in the treatment and pumping of water. Water is used to generate electricity. Effective and efficient water–energy network provisioning satisfies households’ basic human needs. Most local authorities of developing countries have seen water and energy scarcity in the face of climate change. The research aims to understand the interlinkage of water–energy services and to develop integrated and innovative green solutions in line with sustainable development goals. This study explores water and energy network provisioning to promote an integrated approach to planning and managing service delivery in Harare, Zimbabwe. The paper also establishes how water and energy provisioning challenges have affected main domestic activities.. The study embraced a sequential mixed-method approach. In-depth interviews were used to solicit information from relevant departments and focus group discussions from communities. A total of 314 questionnaires were administered to five communities based on five settlement classifications. The study hinges on the ‘collective action theory’. Findings revealed poor governance issues, including lack of finance and lack of public participation in water and energy service delivery. Integration of sectors and community participation can improve the provision of water–energy services and contribute to reducing carbon emissions through greening households.

Contributions to a global understanding of socioenvironmental justice related to urban forest: Trends from Brazilian cities in the southeastern Paraná State

Global studies on urban forests (UFs) have extensively covered both environmental and social aspects, including concerns about public health and green solutions provided by trees and forests in cities. However, this trend has not been widely observed in South America, particularly in cities located outside and distant from capital cities and wealthier regions. So, this study examines disparities in socioenvironmental justice of cities in the poorest region of Paraná State, Brazil, comparing to Curitiba (CWB), the capital and one of the greenest cities of Brazil, and proposes a methodology to surpass the scarcity of adequate dataset. A four-dimensional analysis covers the configuration of UF landscapes, the provision of ecosystem services, accessibility to UF, and their interrelation with socioeconomic indicators. We used high-resolution multispectral images from PlanetScope Dove and employed a machine learning algorithm to accurately map UF. We quantified landscape patterns of UFs using a variety of landscape metrics (LM), including mean patch area (AREA_MN), percentage of the landscape class (PLAND), largest patch index (LPI), mean shape index (SHAPE_MN), and the percentage of similar adjacencies (PLADJ). Additionally, we estimated ecosystem services such as total biomass (TB), carbon stock (TCS), carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2eq), urban heat island (UHI), and available public green areas (PGA). We created accessibility maps to PGA at distances of 300 and 800 m. A Mann-Kendall correlation analysis was employed to explore the relationships between these variables and various socioeconomic indicators, including the percentage of people in households without adequate water supply and sewage (TAEE), the percentage of the population living in urban households without garbage collection service (TPSL), the illiteracy rate of the population aged 15 years or older (TANAL), the proportion of people with per capita household income equal to or less than half minimum wage at year of 2010 (TVULNER), the number of schools (SCHOOLS), and the number of permanent residents (MPERM). The Sen's slope test was performed to determine the magnitude of these correlations. Our four-dimensional analysis revealed significant disparities in the distribution and accessibility of ecosystem services within the cities of southeastern Paraná State when compared to CWB. Correlation analyses revealed significant discrepancies between different socioeconomic conditions and the availability of ecosystem services. Financial vulnerability is positively correlated with ecosystem services, while the lack of sanitation negatively impacts their availability. The results highlight the urgent need for equitable distribution of UF ecosystem services.